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The Pashtun tribes in Asia are divided into four confederacies: Sarbani, Bettani, Ghurghakhti, and Karlani. The oral tradition of the Pashtuns holds that these are descended from three own sons (''Sarbaṇ'', ''Beṭtan'', and ''Ghurghasht'') and one adopted son (''Orməṛ''), respectively, of Qais Abdur Rashid, the folkloric ancestor of the Pashtun people. There are several levels of organisation of Pashtun tribes the ("tribe") is subdivided into kinship groups, each of which is a ''khel'' and Zai. A ''khel'' or Zai is further divided into 'PLARINA' each of which consists of several extended families.〔(Wardak, A. (2003) "Jirga – A Traditional Mechanism of Conflict Resolution in Afghanistan" p. 7 ), online at UNPAN (the United Nations Online Network in Public Administration and Finance), accessed 10 January 2009〕 A large tribe often has dozens of sub-tribes whose members may see themselves as belonging to each, some, or all of the sub-tribes" in their family tree depending upon the social situation: co-operative, competitive, or confrontational.〔(Wardak, A. (2003) "Jirga – A Traditional Mechanism of Conflict Resolution in Afghanistan" p. 10 ), online at UNPAN (the United Nations Online Network in Public Administration and Finance), accessed 10 January 2009〕 ==Etymologies== * ''Tarbur'' refers to a "tribe" split into two or more clans and Tarbur mean cousin in Pashto so Tarbur could be enemy as well in the Pashtun culture that they can occupied your land or property. Every Pashtun tribe is then divide into subtribes, also called ''khel'' or ''zai''. ''Zai'' in Pashto means "descendant". In Avestan it is similar to Pashto "Zoi" mean Son ("offspring"). *William Crooke said that ''khel'' is from an Arabic word meaning "association" or "company".〔Crooke, William (1896) ''The Tribes and Castes of the North-western Provinces and Oudh'' Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, (p. 158 ), 〕 However, it is suggested that ''khel'' comes from the Avestan word ''khuail'', meaning "uncountable" or "over-populated", such as the counting of stars or counting grains of rice. The word is a cognate of the Persian word ''kheleh'', meaning "lots" or "too much". In usage, the word ''khel'' is placed after the name of the common ancestor or leader; thus, ''Mūsākhel'' would be the "followers or descendants of ''Mūsā''". Similarly, subtribes also commonly give their names to settlements; thus, "Musakhel" is not only the name of a subtribe, but also of a settlement. A ''khel'' is often based in a single village,〔(Wardak, A. (2003) "Jirga – A Traditional Mechanism of Conflict Resolution in Afghanistan" p. 6 ), online at UNPAN (the United Nations Online Network in Public Administration and Finance), accessed 10 January 2009〕 but it may also be based on a larger area including several villages, or part of a town.〔Albrecht, Hans-Jörg (2006) ''Conflicts and Conflict Resolution in Middle Eastern Societies: Between Tradition and Modernity'' Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, p. 358, ISBN 3-428-12220-8〕 * ''Plarina'' is related to the Bactrian term ''plār'', which derives from Old Iranian ''piðar'' (in Bactrian and Pashto, Old Iranian /ð/ usually yields /l/), and is related to Sanskrit ''pita'' and English "father". The plural form of ''plār'' is ''plārina''. A ''plārina'' is considered only when the 7th generation is born, meaning the father of multiple families (''kahol''). Usually, the 7th forefather is assumed to take from one-and-a-half century to two centuries. * ''Kul'' (plural ''kahol'') is the smallest unit in Pashtun tribal system, named after an ancestor of 1. ''Zāmon'' ("children"), 2. ''Lmasay / Nwasay'' ("grandchildren"), 3. ''Kaṛwasay'' ("great-grandchildren"), and 4. ''Kaoday'' ("great-great-grandchildren"). Once the fourth generation is born, it would be labelled a "family" or ''kūl''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pashtun tribal structure」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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